This is FAQ #3 (https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q3). Use that command and any XMP data will list the exact XMP group it belongs to, if it exists.
But for the most part, XMP isn't included in photos directly from the camera. There are a few exceptions, such as cameras that save face regions.
One thing you can look at which isn't normally listed with the FAQ #3 command is the
JPEGDigest tag.
exiftool -JPEGDigest file.jpgHow a jpeg is saved gives it a sort of fingerprint, which can indicate what program or code was used to save it. From the notes for this tag on the Extra Tags page (https://exiftool.org/TagNames/Extra.html), it's defined as
Quotean MD5 digest of the JPEG quantization tables is combined with the component sub-sampling values to generate the value of this tag. The result is compared to known values in an attempt to deduce the originating software based only on the JPEG image data